Culture- IBM v. Trilogy :: miscellaneous

Culture- IBM v. Trilogy Whenever two or more people come together with a shared purpose, they form a culture with its own written and unwritten rules for behavior. Our families, workplaces and communities all have cultures. These cultures have a tremendous, though rarely recognized, impact upon our behavior as individuals, and as groups. Each cultural environment provides a somewhat unique set of standards to which we must adapt. Our behavioral patterns change dramatically from cultural context to cultural context. For example, on the job we are expected to behave in accordance with certain social standards. Expectations about behaviors at work usually differ from what is expected of us in our kitchens and in our bedrooms. We may not choose to behave in accordance with our cultures, but if we choose not to go along, we must be prepared for ongoing consequences. When we select goals for ourselves that violate the culture, we must either change the culture or endure a never-ending struggle. I'd like to illustrate the seeming similarities, and the actual differences, between the cultures of two organizations- Trilogy and IBM. This comparison is unique in that it points out the major similarities between two very different organizations. IBM with its 200,000+ employees is a virtual giant compared to Trilogy with just under 1,000 employees. How can these two cultures be so strikingly similar? Current industry recruiting trends follow what's desirable to college graduates! We're fast approaching the millenium, and the new buzz-words are PEOPLE, PEOPLE, PEOPLE!!! But, while many companies boast to potential hires of freedom and friendship, many of those same companies fall short of following through with their promises. Realistically, there are limitations that come with having over 200,000 employees. Likewise, there are limitations with having only 1,000 employees. How do these two companies stack up in comparison? So, what are the desired job traits that college graduates are looking for? To name a few:  · Personal and Professional Growth Opportunities  · Flexible hours and freedom  · Likable teammates Personal and Professional Growth Opportunities It's not surprising that today's companies place emphasis on employee 'growth'. As recent graduates, new hires are accustomed to a constant stream of new knowledge and skills. Obviously this learning has led to great success, so why stop there? Recent graduates are well aware of the importance of marketability. To ensure a secure career outlook, continued training and experience are a must.

Since human individuals

Psychology has made great strides in the development of principles and methods and the discovery of facts which find useful application in various aspects of everyday life. The objectives of psychology are : (1) to understand human behavior; (2) to predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment; (3) to influence or alter the behavior of he individual or group in desirable ways so that he can achieve the goal he desires (McLeod, 1998). Psychology is the scientific of human behavior and mental processes; a study which is of considerable interest to almost all people.In the pursuit of this study is the important feature of understanding the goals or objectives. To describe, explain and predict behavior and if possible control or modify it, are the main objectives of this scientific discipline. These objectives confine as well as broaden student’s approach towards a deeper perspective of the field in the sense that he/she will have a grasp on the variety of subject matters that psychology provides, the advances or breakthroughs it has attained, its inadequacies and shortcomings, as well as forthcoming challenges the discipline faces.Since human individuals are complex and changing, the study is fascinating yet possesses a certain degree of difficulty. Fascinating because it explores all the facets of being human and possessing a certain degree of difficulty because of its multifarious sub-disciplines. Behavior is described and analyzed (McLeod, 1998). On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is possible, and although this may not thoroughly and completely be accomplished in some endeavours, the basic understanding then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any person would act or decide upon things that are within his conscious awareness.Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological problems are common to group relations, in whatever framework a person or group of individuals come from (McLeod, 1998). The wo rk of a counsellor is a privilege since the counselee or client will be unfolding his life and makes himself vulnerable to a stranger. It is not an easy choice to make hence, all the training and knowledge would be indispensable to help the client reveal and trust himself to another. Counselling is not a very easy job.But it can be facilitated well when there is a clear vision of what and how it unfolds in the relationship that is established with the client (Nelson-Jones, 1988). A healthy personality does not mean it does not have any difficulties at all. It means that a person has the capabilities to withstand any turmoil or stress that come his way. He has learned the skills to make him adjust to the internal and external stresses; minimizing conflicts from within and without but in a healthy and normal functioning way.Personal growth occurs in the context of self-insights; insights concerning the workings of one’s mind in relation to the structures and stimuli around the person. The self-insight is very significant and crucial to the client for him to be able to work well with those who are there to assist in his recovery and eventual personal growth (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). The important thing is that of flexibility and resiliency on the counselor’s part when to apply or implement the theory (i. e., person-centred in this case) in the context of the client. It starts with the identification of specific problems and especially the root causes (Lishman, 1994). When this is confidently achieved, the therapist is actually midway to attaining his/her goals which includes not only the relief of the symptoms that the sufferer is currently experiencing but especially the reduction of the occurrence if not altogether eliminated. The specific treatment goals are likewise essential and it helps in the remaining aspects or levels of the process.The diagnostic part by itself in most cases is considered therapeutic since many clients have experi enced immediate relief. In addition, another important ingredient in the process is to identify effective reinforcers which help people in crisis for instance or those in acute and chronic mental and emotional anguish to sustain their plan for change and control of their disorders. Helping the client set up a kind of self-help management program is a very effective strategy to pursue within the relationship (Smith 1997, 2004). Nature of the therapeutic approachWithin the person-centred approach human nature is understood as that of the individual possessing to the innate capacity of man towards growth, health and fulfilment which means that man is basically good and equipped to face many obstacles in life. Client-centred therapy avoids the imposition of goals on the patient or client during therapy. It is the client who takes the lead in the session and of the conversation. It is the job of the therapist to create the conditions conducive to the client’s positive judgment of those experiences that are intrinsically satisfying to the client.The ‘goal’ then is to reach the point where the client desires to be a good and â€Å"civilized person. † Unconditional positive regard enhances this atmosphere however, and although the goal may be difficult to achieve, unconditional positive regard eventually, according to Rogers, encourages even the â€Å"`unbehaved† to conform or even transform (Corey, 2004; Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). Anchored on Carl Rogers’ theory on the person-centered approach of understanding behavior and applying such an understanding to the â€Å"healing† process, the concept of congruence is among the highlights of this renowned theorist’s perspective.It is understood as a concept which usually starts or initiated by the therapist or practitioner and modelled to the client whereby the former displays more of the real person that he/she is and reducing denial of the real struggles or fe elings that tend to be kept inside (Smith, 1997; Rogers, 1951; Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). In the process, the client learns to unveil the real self rather than assume a facade which not only masks the real problems, make the therapeutic relationship increasingly difficult (Rogers, 1959).Rogers probably in his long years of exposure to different clients or patients, found commonality in his interactions that help facilitate better recovery and congruence as modelled by a therapist eventually gained its place in his approach. Application or Action Point: Case study: â€Å"Mrs. Todd was admitted to an elder care home following the death of her husband and at the request of her daughter, aged 70, who could no longer manage. Six months after admission Mrs Todd refused to get out of bed for a week, saying that there was no point.During the sensitive questioning by the residential social worker revealed that Mrs Todd had never come to terms with the loss of her husband. On top of t his she had been unable to put into words her grief, plus the perception that she had lost control independence, despite high-quality care in the home, had resulted in confused thinking, distortion of grief and withdrawal. † There are some â€Å"steps† that had been coined by Rogers to put the theory in â€Å"action, so to speak. However, it is imperative that the progression of the helping relationship is not forced or hurried.The goal in this case is for Mrs, Todd to be â€Å"influenced† by the counsellor’s sense of optimism which means that these positive characteristics must somehow rob off on the client. Roger’s understanding is that helping someone can only be most effective when the person is encouraged or has moved on from a state of despondency to vitality regardless of her/his circumstances. This is the primary reason that Roger’s extensive discussion also revolves around the congruent self (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980).One imp ortant aspect of the person-centred approach is the empathy that should be exhibited by the counsellor/therapist. Carl Rogers (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980) initiated the model with the premise that within each person is the capacity to eventually surpass any obstacle with the help and support of critical people. The unconditional positive regard which when cultivated by a therapist is believed to be very crucial to the recovery and healing of the patient.There is curative value to the skills which, importantly, shall comprise the approach that the therapist takes in the course of their healing relationship. In the case of Mrs. Todd whose state of discouragement and grief had not been overcome will be a point of reference for the counselling setting. The person centred therapist is a believer that when given time, a patient-listening-ear and other skills, help for Mrs. Todd is to tap the inner strength that she possesses can be had.The goals of therapy include the readjustment of a person’s understanding of himself, becoming aware of the discrepancies of his real experiences and real self versus the projection of other’s viewpoints and rubbing these onto him, thereby affecting the person of the right attitude and perspective of what life is truly all about (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). Because the emphasis is on the uniqueness of the individual, it goes beyond the mere acceptance of the real worth of the self. It also accepts that there are realities in life that need to be accepted but the individual must transcend above these unwelcoming encounters.The importance is to accept as well that one’s choices and decisions are important and the person must accept his responsibility of the consequences of his actions (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). One important aspect of the person centered approach is the empathy that should be exhibited by the counsellor/therapist. Carl Rogers initiated the model with the premise that within each p erson is the capacity to eventually surpass any obstacle with the help and support of critical people. The unconditional positive regard which when cultivated by a therapist is believed to be very crucial to the recovery and healing of the patient.There is curative value to the skills which, importantly, shall comprise the approach that the therapist takes in the course of their healing relationship (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). The therapeutic nature of the person centred therapy to help this person get the insights, not only to the death and the sense of loneliness and seemingly abandoned feelings at this point in her life, but especially to the fact that other lives are affected as well is not easy as it may seem when one uses this approach. Mrs. Todd must wade through her confusions, her feelings of despondency and the sense of hopelessness.What is actually happening when there is a gradual realization of these issues and the hope that the future may hold for her, is that t he practitioner is more than a crutch and a pole that pulls the patient. The therapist with or without the conscious awareness of the patient is her source of strength and resolve to weather the seemingly heavy burden ahead of her. That is why for many, this approach has become widely used; it is to an extent a very successful model in the field of psychotherapy (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980).The client or person-centred therapy is persuaded that a person is only understood from the point of view of his or her own perception and emotionality or feelings, also known as the phenomenological world. It takes time to be able for the therapist to look into how Mrs. Todd, in this particular case, experience events not just at the events that Mrs. Todd is experiencing; i. e. , her problems and her seemingly hopeless outlook. Mrs. Todd‘s phenomenological world is a major determinant of behavior and what makes Mrs. Todd’s unique from other patients (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980)The person-centred therapeutic goals attempt to empower the patients or clients to increasingly be made aware and accepting of the real self’s true beliefs and worth and condition the person to realize these –worth and self-acceptance within the therapeutic relationship. The management then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications.It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviourist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980)). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized.Another contention of this approach is that the therapist should never attempt to manipulate the circumstances for Mrs. Todd. What is important is that Mrs. Todd should create conditions that will empower her to make decisions of her own. The premise of this approach lies in the belief that when a person like Mrs. Todd is no longer concerned with the evaluations, preferences and demands that others make upon her, she will then be released to spur on and live according to the expected innate tendency to self-actualize or reach her potential self.Many of those who use this approach however, do not usually strictly use the pattern that Rogers indicated in his model. In this case, a counsellor’s personality and disposition must merge well with this approach. This is because, the skills needed are at times individual in nature; the crucial a spect then is how some of the strategies must be patient to put up plain unconditional positive regard (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). There is no hundred percent guarantee that Mrs.Todd will be able to fully heal in every aspect of her struggling life. Her problems can be real as she has to cope with the loss that can no longer be restored. So much so that it is not easy in the individualistic society that America is and become confined in a home or institution whose caregivers may be distant. When a therapist pursues the client with tenacious determination to enable and empower the patient, it is not impossible that the likes of Mrs. Todd will have her life back and find meaning even in the twilight of her years.Conclusions It is always worthwhile to spend ample time thinking and studying the many-faceted dimensions of human persona, from physical to moral and psychological areas among others. It has contributed a lot to my personal understanding of self-awareness and the devel opment of the consciousness and sensitivity of what other humans like me are going through. It caters to a deeper understanding as well as acceptance of people’s frailties, and also their strengths. ~Nature and Importance of therapyBehavior is described and analyzed. On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is possible, and although this may not thoroughly and completely be accomplished in some endeavours, the basic understanding then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any person would act or decide upon things that are within his conscious awareness Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological problems are common to group relations, in whatever framework a person or group of individuals come from.Although an immediate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management t hen is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications.It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviourist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Seden, 1995). ~Promoting therapy Psychotherapists believe that therapy contributes a lot to the improvement of the psychological condition of the client (Seden, 1995). Therapy can come in many varied forms and the use of these or any of these has been proven to be of vital significance to clients from various walks of life and with myriads of problems or mental and emotional challenges.Therapy may be long-termed analyti cal experiences or encounters or brief problem-oriented treatment/intervention. Whatever the case, these consultations and in-depth interactions and activities between a practitioner therapist and the client in most cases, are beneficial (Burnard, 1992, 1994). The relationship here is that the therapist and client relate in a cordial and friendly manner and the therapist propels the conversation in an energized tone (Hough, 2002). This sets the pace for the client to talk about themselves, how the feel about anything and everything surrounding their lives.More to that, this intricate relationship and dialogue with the therapist assist the client to hear themselves and how they experience themselves, how the therapist experiences them, how they experience the therapist as an individual and friend and so on Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980) Needless to say this kind of therapy can be very tricky to use especially in the case of two opposite sex. It may yield a counter transference and the therapeutic distance. This may impede on the effectiveness of the therapy.It is therefore important that the therapist be very self aware of himself and objective through out the whole process of therapy. He should be in close monitoring of the evolution of the relationship with the client and on the look out for potential obstruction or abuse of power during the sessions of therapy (Smith, 1999, 2004; Rogers, 1980). This is not only a requirement in gestalt psychotherapy but basically in all psychotherapies. It is required by law that the therapist should always keep a therapeutic distance from the client because a breach in observing that distance is tantamount to abuse.This is because in therapy the client is usually vulnerable to the therapist and may feel pressured to please the authority (therapist) although in the real situation, this would be atrocious. This means that if not in the jurisdiction to the therapist to choose for the client what is morally right or wrong sin ce the foundational basic of this therapy is that the client is responsible and is capable of charting his/her own course and behavior. Basically, in this therapy it is not about the ‘should’ and ‘should nots’ so to speak since this impedes on spontaneity and the integration of wholesome self awareness (Brearley, 1996).Reference:Burnard, P. (1994) 2nd ed Counselling Skills for Health Professionals. London: Chapman & Hall. Burnard, P. (1992) Effective Communication Skills for Health Professionals. London: Chapman & Hall. Brearley, J. (1996) Counselling And Social Work. Buckingham: OU Press. Hough, M. (2002) A practical Approach to Counselling, 2nd edn. London: Prentice Hall. Lishman, J. (1994) Communication in Social Work. Macmillan. McLeod, J. (1998). Introduction to Counselling. Buckingham: OU Press. (Chpt 1) Nelson-Jones, R. (1988) Practical Counselling and Helping Skills (4th Ed).London Cassel Rogers, Carl . R. 1951. Client-Centred Counselling, Boston: H oughton-Mifflin. Rogers, Carl . R. 1959. A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (ed. ). Psychology: A study of science. (pp. 184-256). N. Y. : McGraw Hill. Smith, M. K. (1997, 2004) ‘Carl Rogers and informal education', the Encyclopaedia of informal education. [www. infed. org/thinkers/et-rogers. htm. Seden, J. (1999). Counselling Skills in Social Work Practice. Buckingham: OU Press.

Behavior Project to Help Me Focus Essay example - 1559 Words

My behavior change was to Help me focus more on school, homework, and studying. As for me to help keep myself in line I kept data. On the data I used calendars and on the days that I had homework or to study I wrote down how long it took me to do it and what subject it was for. For this to happen I had to come up with some type of plan. Right? If you do not have a plan and do not follow that plan you will be out of line and the behavior change will not work. The plan that I advised myself to use was this. I choose five ways to modify changes that helped me reach my targeted behavior. I used: 1.Focus 2.Time 3.Adrenaline 4.Willingness 5.How to study or take notes. Focus is a concept theory that deals with how information in one phrase†¦show more content†¦But for me it ment that I had to focus and turn in all homework and study for all tests for every two weeks. Willingness is the will power to do something or anything. For me this is a part of struggling that I had to work thru because before I wanted to do this I looked at school as if it was like oh it is just a part of life and I will just skim by but things have changed my perspective due to college, Ctc and other life changing experiences for that matter. I learned in an article that I read online the proper ways to take notes. Some of those ways are to take notes on what the teach says is important or makes a certain gesture to the point that you should know it is important, another way is that whatever they write on the board or on the screen is something you should write down. Another efficient way is to split the pages of your notes in half and kind ve make it like a quiz that you made up but it goes along with your notes. Also only the important part of the notes is what you should include in your practice test. I had goals from the start for myself. The long term goal that I had was to have a C average or better in every subject by the end of second quarter and from the end of that quarter to every quarter from there on out until I am completely done with school. With that long term goal I rewarded myself to a Wii game that I purchased. But for me to get that game and do good in every class I had short term goals set up for everyShow MoreRelatedBehavior Change Project : Theoretical Analysis1043 Words   |  5 PagesJillian Davis Professor Chatkoff Health Psychology November 25, 2014 Behavior Change Project: Theoretical Analysis This behavior change project has become a huge part of my everyday life. I lost sight of how important staying in shape affects my overall mental state along with my physical well-being. 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I think the course overall encouraged us, the students, to become moreRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Economic Status Transformed Me Into A Better Student, And Help Me Grow Up974 Words   |  4 Pagesmy economic status transformed me into a better student, and help me grow up as a person. I moved from a Spanish speaking country, where I did not know English at all, to The United States of America about six years ago. As a newcomer and the first generation of my family in attending to a university, I had had to overcome the language barrier, and work while studying in order to help in my household, without let my grades be affected by this. This two barrier teach me time management, responsibleRead MoreAn Application Project I Found Myself Struggling At First1378 Words   |  6 PagesWhen trying to decide what I would focus on for an Applied Project I found myself struggling at first. I was concerned that the needs of my classroom, due to my current situation, might not meet the criteria of the project. I started a new position this school year at The Col laborative School (a special-purpose private school), a division of the nonprofit Maine Special Education/Mental Health Collaborative (MSE/MHC). The school provides day treatment services for children in grades K-12 who haveRead MoreHealth Of A High School Student846 Words   |  4 Pageslifestyle. Yet, choosing and sticking with healthy behaviors is tricky† (https://craighospital.org/resources/optimal-health-what-it-is-and-how-to-get-it). I completely agree with this statement. Trying to change some of my behavior for this project was very hard and choosing to stick with the one behavior change was hard for me. I the end I was happy with the behavior I chose. I chose to make my behavior change on time management. This was to help in my mental and emotional health. 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Project Goals By Monday, on the 10th week of Winter Quarter, March 15th, I will decrease the frequency, and length of login time spent on Facebook to 3 logins per day, and no more than 20 minutes per login session (no more than 60 minutes per day). My goal is not to completely suppressRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning989 Words   |  4 Pagescertain coping techniques can reward certain undesirable behaviors. Conditioning human behavior has been studied for many years, Psychologists Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, have dedicated majority of their lives to the study. Thorndike’s theory Law of effect. Thorndike suggest that certain stimuli and response become connected or dissociated from each other. His experiment worked by placing a cat into a box, then observing its behavior as it tried to escape and obtain the food on the other sideRead MoreAnalysis of Strengths and Weaknesses1022 Words   |  4 Pagestransformational leader, it is often useful to consider ones strengths a nd weak nesses across four dimensions. These include personal and professional accountability, career planning, personal journey disciplines and reflect practice reference behaviors and tenets. The intent of this analysis is to evaluate my strengths and weaknesses in each of these four areas. In addition, a discussion will be completed on how current leadership skill sets will be used for advocating change in my workplace. TheRead MoreI Am Satisfied With No Fan Fare1049 Words   |  5 Pagesretail management phase, I used a combination of empathy, understanding, fair play and firmness. However, my goal is not to be a leader. My goal is to use skills that will help me reach my next milestone. 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Mandarin History and Culture

A Midsummer Night s Dream And A Doll s House - 1365 Words

A Midsummer Night’s Dream A Doll’s House, written by William Shakespeare and Henrik Ibsen respectively, are plays that have a varying number of themes. These two plays are centuries apart yet, they share a strikingly similar approaches in regards to the themes that are scattered throughout both plays. Such themes consists of love and marriage, deceit and honesty and most noticeably the relationship between men and women. Though they share many of the same thematic elements, their stories are completely different from one another. A Midsummer Night s Dream is a play about love. All of its action—from the escapades of Lysander, Demetrius, Hermia, and Helena in the forest, to the argument between Oberon and Titania, to the play about two lovelorn youths that Bottom and his friends perform at Duke Theseus s marriage to Hippolyta—are motivated by love. But A Midsummer Night s Dream is not a romance, in which the audience gets caught up in a passionate love affair between two characters. It s a comedy, and because it s clear from the outset that it s a comedy and that all will turn out happily, rather than try to overcome the audience with the exquisite and overwhelming passion of love, A Midsummer Night s Dream invites the audience to laugh at the way the passion of love can make people blind, foolish, inconstant, and desperate. At various times, the power and passion of love threatens to destroy friendships, turn men against men and women against women, and throughShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Midsumme r Nights Dream: Critical Analysis3103 Words   |  13 PagesMandy Conway Mrs. Guynes English 12 16 March 2000 A Critical Analysis of quot;A Midsummer Nights Dreamquot; William Shakespeare, born in 1594, is one of the greatest writers in literature. He dies in 1616 after completing many sonnets and plays. One of which is quot;A Midsummer Nights Dream.quot; They say that this play is the most purely romantic of Shakespeares comedies. The themes of the play are dreams and reality, love and magic. This extraordinary play is a play-with-in-a-play, which

Five Features Of Reality Essay Example For Students

Five Features Of Reality Essay Five Features of Realityâ€Å"Forms of life resemble what I call, ‘realities’. Forms of life are always form of life forming. Realities are always realities becoming† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 65). What is Reality? Is reality what everyone believes in or does everyone have his or her own reality? Can your reality change what you believe in? Is reality a belief, or is it what you believe in your reality? Can your reality be right or wrong?Reality is an actual situation or event where life cannot be real with an individual and society put together. Reality is not necessarily the same for everyone. Each person may have a different reality based on society, personal experiences, as well as facts. Every individual experiences the Five Features of Reality, which include reflexive, coherence, interactional activity, fragility, and permeability. Reflexive can be defined as believing in something so strongly, to the extent that if someone were to say somethin g different, it would not influence ones decision. The person continues to believe in what they always had in the past. But in the coherence reality, human interaction might change ones belief and they begin to believe something upon what they interact with. Fragility is even more evident in every day life, where the rules are not implicit. Permeable feature is another way of demonstrating how vulnerable ones reality really is. Have you ever believed in something so strongly that when someone would say something different, it would not influence your decision? If so, you may have experienced the first feature of reality, Reflexivity, in which one has an incorrigible proposition. Reflexivity is a relation that exists between entity and itself. For example, if one believes that ghosts exist, one’s everyday life and actions are based on the fact that ghosts do actually exist. By believing this idea, one can increase or limit their perception of reality. One of the aspects of Reflexivity can be explained as follows: â€Å"An incorrigible proposition is one which you would never admit to be false whatever happens†¦the truth of an incorrigible proposition†¦is compatible with any and every conceivable state of affairs† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 52). The next aspect of Reflexivity is secondary elaborations of belief. A person’s Secondary elaborations of beliefs are excuses or reasons why an individual’s incorrigible proposition is correct. For example, suppose an individual leaves their car keys on the kitchen counter, but when they return, they find that the keys are no longer there. Their incorrigible proposition is that another person may have taken or misplaced the keys. Their secondary belief may be an excuse on their behalf of why the keys are no longer there. For instance, they may have dropped the keys. Every individual encounters similar events and therefore assumes the features of incorrigible propositions and secondary beliefs. Mehan and Wood can see another example of Reflexivity in â€Å"Five Features of Reality†. A scientist performs an experiment where a specific amount of chloroform would be given to a butterfly. It is identified that â€Å"chloroform of a certain volume and mix is capable of killing butterflies† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, p.52). One night when performing the experiment, the butterfly didn’t asphyxiate. The scientist was surprised because his incorrigible belief was that theamount of chloroform given to the butterfly would cause death was proven wrong. â€Å"Instead of rejecting chemistry, they can explain the poison’s failure by such things as ‘faulty manufacturing, mislabeling, sabotage, or practical joke† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, p.53). In summary, the scientist had a secondary elaboration of belief to furthermore make his incorrigible belief to be truth. .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 , .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .postImageUrl , .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 , .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:hover , .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:visited , .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:active { border:0!important; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:active , .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319 .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b4b00bbf00fb579a0bff11994752319:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Energy for Performance in Touch Football EssayCoherence is the second feature of reality. It is a reality based on one’s beliefs. â€Å"Coherence can be found upon analysis. The coherence located in a reality is found there by ethnomethodologist’s interaction work. The coherence feature, like all other features of realities, operates as an incorrigible proposition, reflexivity sustained† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 57). Coherence is also an organized group of knowledge. In an individual, â€Å"normality (and presumably abnormality) is distinct enough that is can be recognized wherever it occurs, for it is carried within the person† ( D.L. Rosenhan, On Being Sane in Insane Places, p.112). As explained in â€Å" Social Construction of Unreality†, â€Å"Mary’s family would establish a definition of the immediate situation and use it as a frame of reference for interpreting and describing any and all of Mary’s subsequent behavior† (Pollner McDonald-Wikler, 124). At a later point, Mary was diagnosed as being retarded; at this point the family’s incorrigible proposition has not changed. Therefore one’s belief builds one’s reality. Sometimes because of human interaction one might change their belief and may begin to judge something according to whom they interact with. â€Å"The interaction feature indicates a reality and its signs are mutually determinative, alone neither expresses sense intertwining through the course of indexical interaction they form a life† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 60). This reality has been produced through interaction, which is also a feature of reality. For instance, in Mary’s situation, her parent’s believed that she was a very intelligent girlwho just wanted to embarrass the family in public. â€Å"Family member stated that Mary was a verbal and intelligent child who malingered and refused to speak in public in order to embarrass the family† (McDonald-Wikler, The Social Construction of Unreality, p. 122). Due to the interaction between her mother and father, they both believed that she was not retarded. However, when the family spent time with her doctors and saw that she was incapable of doing all the things they thought she could do, the doctors influenced their reality. Fragility is the fourth feature of reality. â€Å"This fragility feature is even more evident in everyday life, where the rules are not implicit. People interact without listing the rules of conduct† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 61). This feature shows how fragile one’s reality can be. The three things that prove a reality is unstable are: 1) ceaseless reflexive 2) a body of knowledge 3) and interaction. During a class session, Dr. Anderson demonstrated an example in which she used the game tic-tac-toe. When playing this game, the rules were implicit. If one did not abide by these rules, then it would not be called a game of tic-tac-toe, rather a game where one makes the rules as they go along. â€Å"A usually unnoticed feature of the game is a ‘rule’ prohibiting erasing an opponent’s mark. When this unspoken ‘rule’ is broken, it makes its first public appearance. If we were aware of the fragility of our realities, they would seem real† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 61). The last characteristic of Reality is one that is also prominent in everyday life amongst individuals. Permeability is when there is nowhere to escape from your reality, no time to escape, and there is no one to provide evidence for you to hide from it. The Permeable Feature is basically showing another way of how vulnerable one’s perception of reality can be. â€Å"If your reality didn’t exist, you would start adapting to the reality youlive in. In other words, wherever you are or whatever you’re doing – you will start doing the same thing as the people around you† (Mehan Wood, Five Features of Reality, 63). For example, when surrounded by peers who are experimenting with drugs, a young person may be provoked to do the same. .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 , .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .postImageUrl , .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 , .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:hover , .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:visited , .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:active { border:0!important; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:active , .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82 .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a67f1ab94498f018a506ad2b491ed82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Toni Morrison EssayAnyone can change their reality, as is demonstrated by the Five Features of Reality. Each belief regarding one’s reality may be strong and therefore may be hard to change. There can’t be a right or wrong reality in one’s life. Each person’s reality makes sense for the atmosphere, experiences, beliefs, and valid evidence that is present in their life. Through the Five Features of Reality, individuals have concluded answers that provide a better understanding of reality. Although the Five Features are very accurate, what some believe in and others don’t, I’d have to say I believe the Five Features. My belief has no w become my reality. Although my reality can be fragile, it can also be changed since it was formed through other human interaction, as the Permeability Feature is displayed. To conclude this essay, I leave you with a quote from Barry Alfonso†¦. â€Å"BR: In every sense we create our own reality, and this goes much further than most people aware of or are willing to admit. The reason most people can’t see this is because everyone is creating their own reality, but 99.9% of them are creating the same one-using the same basic materials, including the same beliefs and the same values, the same EVERYTHING. And together it all appears to be one â€Å"reality† (Barry Alfonso, 6).†Sociology Issues

Supply and Demand

Table of Contents Introduction Demand and supply Graph 1 References Introduction Demand and supply is possibly one of the major economic concepts and the backbone of free market economy. Demand is the quantity of services or products needed by consumers (Mankiw, 2012). The amount of products desired at a particular price is referred as quantity demanded; the relationship between quantity demanded and price is referred as demand relationship (Mankiw, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Supply and Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand supply is what the market can provide and quantity supplied by firms is the quantity of particular product manufacturers are ready to supply at a particular price. The connection between quantity supplied and price is referred as supply relationship; thus, price is the expression of demand and supply, which underlies the forces impacting on the di stribution of resources (Mankiw, 2012). Demand and supply The demand law states that â€Å"if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that product† (Mankiw, 2012). To be precise, higher price attracts less demand because as the price of the product increases, the opportunity cost increases as well. Thus individuals will not acquire goods that will compel them to decline the utilization of anything else that is of significance to them (Netmba.com, 2010). For instance, if the price of oil increases consumers will look for substitutes such as bicycles or bus instead of using their private vehicles to place of work. Therefore, the demand for the cars will reduce and the demand curve will shift from D1 to D2 reducing the quantity demanded to Q2 as shown on the graph below. Graph 1 Source: Netmba.com, 2010. The shift in demand can also be caused by change in income, for instance if income increases consumers buy less of inferior good and the demand curve for this goods will shift from D1 to D2. While, if the price of the oil reduces consumers will be induced to purchase more (Q3) cars for instance, this implies that the demand curve will shift from D1 to D3. In the same way if the consumers’ income decreases the consumers will consume more of the inferior r products thus shifting the demand curve from D1 to D3 as shown above.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, similar to demand law the supply law shows the amount of products that can be put up for sale at a specific price but unlike demand law, supply relationship indicates a positive slope. Therefore, the supplier supplies more products at a high price because trading more products that are priced highly normally raises income (Mankiw, 2012). Consider the increase in price of drilling and refining the oil, this makes the suppliers to reduce the amount produced and supplied (Q2), thus the supply curve will shift from S1 to S2. While if the production cost or price reduces the oil producer will produce and supply more oil (Q3) to the market therefore, the supply curve will shift from S1 to S3 as shown below. Source: Mankiw, 2012. In conclusion, supply and demand relationship tries to describe macroeconomic variables like price levels and amount of quantity in the economy. It also indicates how various variables like substitute goods, compliments goods, income, consumers’ preferences, advancement in technology and sector growth among others affects the demand and supply of a particular product in the market. References Mankiw, N.G. (2012). Principles of macroeconomics. (6th.). Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Netmba.com. (2010). Supply and demand. Retrieved from http://www.netmba.com/econ/micro/supply-demand/Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Supply and Dem and specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This critical writing on Supply and Demand was written and submitted by user Caiden Rollins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.